Cardiovascular testing recovery in Latin America one year into the COVID-19 pandemic: An analysis of data from an international longitudinal survey.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately impacted Latin America (LATAM), significantly disrupting cardiovascular testing. This study evaluated cardiac procedure recovery in LATAM one year after the outbreak. Methods: The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) surveyed 669 centers in 107 countries worldwide, including 135 facilities in 19 LATAM countries, to assess cardiovascular procedure volumes in March 2019, April 2020, and April 2021, and changes in center practices and staffing conditions one year into the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: LATAM centers reported a 21 % decrease in procedure volumes in April 2021 from pre-pandemic-baseline, vs. a 0 % change in the rest of the world (RoW), and greater volume reductions for almost all procedure types. Centers in Central America and Mexico reported the largest procedure reductions (47 % reduction) compared to the Caribbean (15 %), and South America (14 %, p = 0.01), and this LATAM region was a significant predictor of lower procedure recovery in multivariable regression. More LATAM centers reported reduced salaries and increased layoffs of clinical staff compared to RoW, and LATAM respondents estimated that half of physician and non-physician staff experienced excess psychological stress related to the pandemic, compared to 25 % and 30 % in RoW (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Cardiovascular testing recovery in LATAM trailed behind RoW for most procedure types, with centers in Central America and Mexico reporting the greatest volume reductions. This study found lasting impacts of COVID-19 on cardiovascular care in LATAM and the need for mental health support for LATAM healthcare workers in current and future pandemics.

[Position of the international forum of internal medicine on habits, lifestyle changes and a healthy environment for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases]. / Posicionamiento del foro Internacional de Medicina Interna sobre Hábitos, modificaciones del Estilo de Vida y Ambiente Saludable para la Prevención de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), mainly ischemic heart disease and stroke, is the main cause of death worldwide and each year more people die from CVD than from any other cause. These data call for a paradigm shift, where health promotion and cardiovascular prevention will acquire a central role in health policies. From this perspective, dedicating time during the consultation to promoting the acquisition of heart-healthy habits would be indicated in all individuals, regardless of cardiovascular risk classification, the role of the internist being fundamental. This position document from the International Forum of Internal Medicine (FIMI) presents the main indications regarding changes in lifestyle and acquisition of healthy habits to prevent CVD. The different sections will address topics including: nutrition, physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep, stress, environmental problems related to CVD and specific conditions in women. A section is included about starting CVD promotion and prevention measures at an early age, childhood and adolescence, also mentioning epigenetic aspects related to CVD. Social determinants in CVD are also taken into account, since some of these aspects, such as low socioeconomic level, modify cardiovascular risk and should be taken into account.

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV), principalmente la cardiopatía isquémica y el accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), constituyen la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial y cada año mueren más personas por ECV que por cualquier otra causa. Estos datos requieren la necesidad de un cambio de paradigma, en donde la promoción de la salud y la prevención cardiovascular adquieran un papel central en las políticas sanitarias. Desde esta perspectiva, dedicar tiempo durante la consulta en promocionar la adquisición de hábitos cardiosaludables estaría indicado en todos los individuos, independientemente de la clasificación de riesgo cardiovascular, siendo fundamental el rol del médico internista en su función de médico de cabecera. En este documento de posicionamiento del Foro Internacional de Medicina Interna (FIMI) se presentan algunas pautas para recomendar e indicar modificaciones en el estilo de vida y adquisición de hábitos saludables para prevenir la ECV, que tienen el objetivo de ser una herramienta practica para el médico internista. Las diferentes secciones abordaran temas que incluyen: nutrición, actividad física, sedentarismo, obesidad, hábito tabáquico, consumo de alcohol, sueño, estrés, problemas ambientales relacionados a la ECV y condiciones específicas en la mujer. Se incluyó un apartado acerca de comenzar las medidas de promoción y prevención de ECV en edades tempranas, infancia y adolescencia, mencionando además aspectos epigenéticos relacionados a la ECV. Se tienen en cuenta además los determinantes sociales en ECV, ya que algunos de estos aspectos, como el bajo nivel socioeconómico, modifican el riesgo cardiovascular y debieran ser tenidos en cuenta.

Position of the international forum of internal medicine on habits, lifestyle changes and a healthy environment for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), mainly ischemic heart disease and stroke, is the main cause of death worldwide and each year more people die from CVD than from any other cause. These data call for a paradigm shift, where health promotion and cardiovascular prevention will acquire a central role in health policies. From this perspective, dedicating time during the consultation to promoting the acquisition of heart-healthy habits would be indicated in all individuals, regardless of cardiovascular risk classification, the role of the internist being fundamental. This position document from the International Forum of Internal Medicine (FIMI) presents the main indications regarding changes in lifestyle and acquisition of healthy habits to prevent CVD. The different sections will address topics including: nutrition, physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep, stress, environmental problems related to CVD and specific conditions in women. A section is included about starting CVD promotion and prevention measures at an early age, childhood and adolescence, also mentioning epigenetic aspects related to CVD. Social determinants in CVD are also taken into account, since some of these aspects, such as low socioeconomic level, modify cardiovascular risk and should be taken into account.

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV), principalmente la cardiopatía isquémica y el accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), constituyen la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial y cada año mueren más personas por ECV que por cualquier otra causa. Estos datos requieren la necesidad de un cambio de paradigma, en donde la promoción de la salud y la prevención cardiovascular adquieran un papel central en las políticas sanitarias. Desde esta perspectiva, dedicar tiempo durante la consulta en promocionar la adquisición de hábitos cardiosaludables estaría indicado en todos los individuos, independientemente de la clasificación de riesgo cardiovascular, siendo fundamental el rol del médico internista en su función de médico de cabecera. En este documento de posicionamiento del Foro Internacional de Medicina Interna (FIMI) se presentan algunas pautas para recomendar e indicar modificaciones en el estilo de vida y adquisición de hábitos saludables para prevenir la ECV, que tienen el objetivo de ser una herramienta practica para el médico internista. Las diferentes secciones abordaran temas que incluyen: nutrición, actividad física, sedentarismo, obesidad, hábito tabáquico, consumo de alcohol, sueño, estrés, problemas ambientales relacionados a la ECV y condiciones específicas en la mujer. Se incluyó un apartado acerca de comenzar las medidas de promoción y prevención de ECV en edades tempranas, infancia y adolescencia, mencionando además aspectos epigenéticos relacionados a la ECV. Se tienen en cuenta además los determinantes sociales en ECV, ya que algunos de estos aspectos, como el bajo nivel socioeconómico, modifican el riesgo cardiovascular y debieran ser tenidos en cuenta.

Respuesta a la carta al editor: Crítica al estudio factibilidad de la utilización de la inteligencia artificial para el cribado de pacientes con COVID-19 en Paraguay

[EXTRACTO]. En respuesta a la carta al editor titulada: Critica al estudio de factibilidad de la utilización de la inteligencia artificial para el cribado de pacientes con COVID-19 en Paraguay, los autores del artículo de referencia elevan a consideración la réplica sobre el contenido de esta, con el objeto de esclarecer los cuestionamientos mencionados en la misma. Respecto al primer problema mencionado en la carta al editor; el estudio utilizó el programa de inteligencia artificial (IA) que fue desarrollado por un equipo de informáticos biomédicos, neumólogos y radiólogos (imagenólogos). El programa utilizado dispone de un método de aprendizaje profundo para realizar el diagnóstico rápido de COVID-19; es decir, cuenta con un algoritmo para detectar patologías neumológicas y un algoritmo de diagnóstico de neumopatías compatibles con COVID-19. En cuanto al segundo problema mencionado en la carta al editor; el presente estudio se realizó entre marzo del 2020 y junio del 2021 en 14 hospitales de las 18 regiones sanitarias del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (MSPBS), que ya contaban con al menos un tomógrafo funcionando al momento del estudio. El informe de diagnóstico del médico radiólogo y el resultado del diagnóstico por IA fueron remitidos luego a un equipo de neumólogos para su valoración, análisis, correlación y validación; los neumólogos correlacionaron los valores porcentuales del diagnóstico por IA con el resultado de los médicos radió- logos, el resultado del análisis molecular (RT-PCR) y el cuadro clínico del paciente para determinar los grados de concordancia o discordancia entre los resultados, y llegar a un diagnóstico definitivo que permitiera informar al médico del hospital donde se trataba al paciente en cuestión. Esto permitió reducir las aglomeraciones en los centros especializados y optimizar el uso de los limitados recursos disponibles. Esta respuesta se refiere a la carta disponible en: https://doi.org/10. 26633/RPSP.2022.193

May Measurement Month 2017-19: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Paraguay.

The aim of this study was to highlight the importance of measuring blood pressure (BP) and to identify and reduce the BPs of those people who require intervention to lower their BP according to current guidelines. A total of 7782 individuals aged ≥18 years were recruited during the 3 years of the May Measurement Month (MMM) campaign (2017: 1196, 2018: 2285, 2019: 4301). Recruitment was through opportunistic sampling at a variety of screening sites distributed throughout the country. Each participant underwent a pre-specified questionnaire with questions on risk factors concluding with three BP measurements at 1 min intervals and measurement of weight and height. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg or those receiving antihypertensive therapy. Of all 7782 participants, 3323 had hypertension (42.7%) of whom 61.8% were aware and 50.4% were not receiving antihypertensive medication. Of those treated (49.6%), 43.8% had controlled BP (<140/90 mmHg). Among all hypertensive patients (with and without medication), 21.7% had controlled BP. In relation to previous surveys carried out in the country, awareness of hypertension increased two-fold, with no change in the proportion of hypertensive patients on treatment and the proportion of hypertensive patients with controlled BP which remained low.

National Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Paraguay (RENASCA-PY).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the initial management and in-hospital mortality of patients with acute coronary syndrome who attended referral hospitals in Paraguay. METHOD: Observational, multicenter study, in patients over 18 years with a confirmed diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. RESULTS: 780 patients were included from May 2015 to February 2016; the mean age was 64.1 ± 12.3 years, 64.1% male. The clinical presentation was acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation in 40.1% and without elevation in 59.9%. In patients with ST elevation there is a high percentage of late attendance, more than 12 h of evolution in 49.8%; those with less than 12 h of evolution underwent reperfusion in 52.2% of the cases, received fibrinolytics in 36.3% of the cases, and primary percutaneous coronary intervention 15.9%. In-hospital mortality for acute coronary syndrome was 10.3%, with ST-segment elevation was 12.8%, and without ST-segment elevation was 8.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The management of acute coronary syndrome in Paraguay needs a comprehensive approach, which promotes earlier care, and increases the implementation of reperfusion therapies in the health services network, in order to improve the therapeutic response rates and decrease hospital mortality.

OBJETIVO: Determinar el tratamiento inicial y la mortalidad intrahospitalaria de pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo que acudieron a centros hospitalarios de referencia de Paraguay. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional y multicéntrico en pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico confirmado de síndrome coronario agudo. RESULTADOS: Se incluyó a 780 pacientes desde mayo de 2015 hasta febrero de 2016; la edad media fue de 64.1 ± 12.3 años y el género masculino representó el 64.1%. La presentación clínica fue la de síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del ST en 40.1% y sin elevación del ST en 59.9%. En pacientes con elevación del ST se observó un alto porcentaje de consultas tardías, mayor de 12 h de evolución en 49.8%; en aquéllos con menos de 12 h de evolución se indicó la reperfusión en 52.2%, el 36.3% recibió fibrinolíticos y 15.9% intervención coronaria percutánea primaria. La mortalidad hospitalaria del síndrome coronario agudo fue de 10.3%, con elevación del segmento ST en 12.8% y sin elevación del segmento ST en 8.6%. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento del síndrome coronario agudo en el Paraguay requiere un abordaje integral, que promueva consultas más tempranas y aumente la institución de tratamientos de reperfusión en la red de servicios de salud; el objetivo es mejorar los índices de respuesta terapéutica y disminuir la mortalidad hospitalaria.

[Feasibility of using artificial intelligence for screening COVID-19 patients in ParaguayViabilidade do uso de inteligência artificial na triagem de pacientes com COVID-19 no Paraguai]. / Factibilidad de la utilización de la inteligencia artificial para el cribado de pacientes con COVID-19 en Paraguay.

Objective: Study the feasibility of using artificial intelligence as a sensitive and specific method for COVID-19 screening in patients with respiratory conditions, using chest CT scan images and a telemedicine platform. Methods: From March 2020 to June 2021, the authors conducted an observational descriptive multicenter feasibility study based on artificial intelligence (AI) for COVID-19 screening using chest images of patients with respiratory conditions who presented at public hospitals. The AI platform was used to diagnose chest CT scan images; this was then compared with molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR) to determine whether they matched and to analyze the feasibility of AI for screening patients with suspected COVID-19. A telemedicine platform was used to send images and diagnostic results. Results: Screening of 3 514 patients with a suspected COVID-19 diagnosis was performed in 14 hospitals around the country. Most patients were aged 27 to 59 years, followed by those over 60. The average age was 48.6 years; 52.8% were male. The most frequent findings were severe pneumonia, bilateral pneumonia with pleural effusion, bilateral pulmonary emphysema, and diffuse ground glass opacity, among others. There was an average of 93% matching and 7% mismatching between images analyzed by AI and RT-PCR. Sensitivity and specificity of the AI system, obtained by comparing AI and RT-PCR screening results, were 93% and 80% respectively. Conclusions: The use of sensitive and specific AI for stratified rapid detection of COVID-19 in patients with respiratory conditions by using chest CT scan images and a telemedicine platform in public hospitals in Paraguay is feasible.

Objetivo: Examinar a viabilidade do uso de inteligência artificial como um método sensível e específico de triagem de COVID-19 em pacientes com afecções respiratórias, empregando imagens obtidas por exame de tomografia do tórax e uma plataforma de telemedicina. Métodos: Entre março de 2020 e junho de 2021, foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo multicêntrico sobre a viabilidade do uso de inteligência artificial (IA) para a triagem de COVID-19, empregando imagens do tórax de pacientes com afecções respiratórias atendidos em hospitais da rede pública. O diagnóstico das imagens obtidas em tomografia do tórax foi realizado por meio de uma plataforma de IA e, em seguida, cotejado com o diagnóstico molecular (RT-PCR) para determinar a concordância entre os métodos utilizados e analisar a viabilidade deste processo para a triagem de pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19. As imagens e os resultados do exame diagnóstico foram disponibilizados em uma plataforma de telemedicina. Resultados: Foi realizada a triagem de 3 514 pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19 atendidos em 14 hospitais de todo o país. Os pacientes, na sua maioria, tinham entre 27 e 59 anos de idade ou pertenciam à faixa etária acima de 60 anos, com média de idade de 48,6 anos, sendo que 52,8% eram do sexo masculino. Os achados mais comuns foram pneumonia grave, pneumonia bilateral com derrame pleural, enfisema pulmonar bilateral e opacidade difusa em vidro fosco, entre outros. Verificou-se, em média, 93% de concordância e 7% de discordância entre as imagens analisadas com uso de IA e os resultados do exame de RT-PCR, com uma sensibilidade de 93% e especificidade de 80% desse sistema de triagem. Conclusões: Demonstrou-se que o uso de um sistema de IA sensível e específico é viável nos hospitais públicos do Paraguai para a detecção rápida estratificada de COVID-19 em pacientes com afecções respiratórias, empregando imagens de exame de tomografia do tórax e uma plataforma de telemedicina.

Factibilidad de la utilización de la inteligencia artificial para el cribado de pacientes con COVID-19 en Paraguay

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Estudiar la factibilidad de utilización de la inteligencia artificial como método sensible y específico para el cribado de COVID-19 en pacientes con afecciones respiratorias empleando imágenes de tórax obtenidas con tomógrafo y una plataforma de telemedicina. Métodos. Entre marzo del 2020 y junio del 2021 se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo multicéntrico de factibilidad basada en inteligencia artificial (IA) para el cribado de COVID-19 en imágenes de tórax de pacientes con afecciones respiratorias que acudieron a hospitales públicos. El diagnóstico de las imágenes tomográficas de tórax se realizó a través de la plataforma de IA; luego, se comparó con el diagnóstico molecular (RT-PCR) para determinar la concordancia entre ambos y analizar su factibilidad para el cribado de pacientes con sospecha de COVID-19. Las imágenes y los resultados diagnóstico se enviaron a través de una plataforma de telemedicina. Resultados. Se realizó el cribado de 3 514 pacientes con sospecha diagnóstica de COVID-19, en 14 hospitales a nivel nacional. La mayoría de los pacientes tenían entre 27 y 59 años, seguidos por los mayores de 60 años. La edad promedio fue de 48,6 años; el 52,8% eran de sexo masculino. Los hallazgos más frecuentes fueron neumonía grave, neumonía bilateral con derrame pleural, enfisema pulmonar bilateral y opacidad difusa en vidrio esmerilado, entre otros. Se determinó un promedio de 93% de concordancia y 7% de discordancia entre las imágenes analizadas mediante IA y la RT-PCR. La sensibilidad y especificidad del sistema de IA, obtenidas comparando el resultado del cribado obtenido por IA con la RT-PCR, fueron de 93% y 80% respectivamente. Conclusiones. Es viable la utilización de IA sensible y específica para la detección rápida estratificada de COVID-19 en pacientes con afecciones respiratorias utilizando imágenes obtenidas mediante tomografía de tórax y una plataforma de telemedicina en los hospitales públicos de Paraguay.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Study the feasibility of using artificial intelligence as a sensitive and specific method for COVID-19 screening in patients with respiratory conditions, using chest CT scan images and a telemedicine platform. Methods. From March 2020 to June 2021, the authors conducted an observational descriptive multicenter feasibility study based on artificial intelligence (AI) for COVID-19 screening using chest images of patients with respiratory conditions who presented at public hospitals. The AI platform was used to diagnose chest CT scan images; this was then compared with molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR) to determine whether they matched and to analyze the feasibility of AI for screening patients with suspected COVID-19. A telemedicine platform was used to send images and diagnostic results. Results. Screening of 3 514 patients with a suspected COVID-19 diagnosis was performed in 14 hospitals around the country. Most patients were aged 27 to 59 years, followed by those over 60. The average age was 48.6 years; 52.8% were male. The most frequent findings were severe pneumonia, bilateral pneumonia with pleural effusion, bilateral pulmonary emphysema, and diffuse ground glass opacity, among others. There was an average of 93% matching and 7% mismatching between images analyzed by AI and RT-PCR. Sensitivity and specificity of the AI system, obtained by comparing AI and RT-PCR screening results, were 93% and 80% respectively. Conclusions. The use of sensitive and specific AI for stratified rapid detection of COVID-19 in patients with respiratory conditions by using chest CT scan images and a telemedicine platform in public hospitals in Paraguay is feasible.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Examinar a viabilidade do uso de inteligência artificial como um método sensível e específico de triagem de COVID-19 em pacientes com afecções respiratórias, empregando imagens obtidas por exame de tomografia do tórax e uma plataforma de telemedicina. Métodos. Entre março de 2020 e junho de 2021, foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo multicêntrico sobre a viabilidade do uso de inteligência artificial (IA) para a triagem de COVID-19, empregando imagens do tórax de pacientes com afecções respiratórias atendidos em hospitais da rede pública. O diagnóstico das imagens obtidas em tomografia do tórax foi realizado por meio de uma plataforma de IA e, em seguida, cotejado com o diagnóstico molecular (RT-PCR) para determinar a concordância entre os métodos utilizados e analisar a viabilidade deste processo para a triagem de pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19. As imagens e os resultados do exame diagnóstico foram disponibilizados em uma plataforma de telemedicina. Resultados. Foi realizada a triagem de 3 514 pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19 atendidos em 14 hospitais de todo o país. Os pacientes, na sua maioria, tinham entre 27 e 59 anos de idade ou pertenciam à faixa etária acima de 60 anos, com média de idade de 48,6 anos, sendo que 52,8% eram do sexo masculino. Os achados mais comuns foram pneumonia grave, pneumonia bilateral com derrame pleural, enfisema pulmonar bilateral e opacidade difusa em vidro fosco, entre outros. Verificou-se, em média, 93% de concordância e 7% de discordância entre as imagens analisadas com uso de IA e os resultados do exame de RT-PCR, com uma sensibilidade de 93% e especificidade de 80% desse sistema de triagem. Conclusões. Demonstrou-se que o uso de um sistema de IA sensível e específico é viável nos hospitais públicos do Paraguai para a detecção rápida estratificada de COVID-19 em pacientes com afecções respiratórias, empregando imagens de exame de tomografia do tórax e uma plataforma de telemedicina.

Factibilidad de la utilización de la inteligencia artificial para el cribado de pacientes con COVID-19 en Paraguay / Feasibility of using artificial intelligence for screening COVID-19 patients in Paraguay / Viabilidade do uso de inteligência artificial na triagem de pacientes com COVID-19 no Paraguai

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estudiar la factibilidad de utilización de la inteligencia artificial como método sensible y específico para el cribado de COVID-19 en pacientes con afecciones respiratorias empleando imágenes de tórax obtenidas con tomógrafo y una plataforma de telemedicina. Métodos. Entre marzo del 2020 y junio del 2021 se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo multicéntrico de factibilidad basada en inteligencia artificial (IA) para el cribado de COVID-19 en imágenes de tórax de pacientes con afecciones respiratorias que acudieron a hospitales públicos. El diagnóstico de las imágenes tomográficas de tórax se realizó a través de la plataforma de IA; luego, se comparó con el diagnóstico molecular (RT-PCR) para determinar la concordancia entre ambos y analizar su factibilidad para el cribado de pacientes con sospecha de COVID-19. Las imágenes y los resultados diagnóstico se enviaron a través de una plataforma de telemedicina. Resultados. Se realizó el cribado de 3 514 pacientes con sospecha diagnóstica de COVID-19, en 14 hospitales a nivel nacional. La mayoría de los pacientes tenían entre 27 y 59 años, seguidos por los mayores de 60 años. La edad promedio fue de 48,6 años; el 52,8% eran de sexo masculino. Los hallazgos más frecuentes fueron neumonía grave, neumonía bilateral con derrame pleural, enfisema pulmonar bilateral y opacidad difusa en vidrio esmerilado, entre otros. Se determinó un promedio de 93% de concordancia y 7% de discordancia entre las imágenes analizadas mediante IA y la RT-PCR. La sensibilidad y especificidad del sistema de IA, obtenidas comparando el resultado del cribado obtenido por IA con la RT-PCR, fueron de 93% y 80% respectivamente. Conclusiones. Es viable la utilización de IA sensible y específica para la detección rápida estratificada de COVID-19 en pacientes con afecciones respiratorias utilizando imágenes obtenidas mediante tomografía de tórax y una plataforma de telemedicina en los hospitales públicos de Paraguay.

ABSTRACT Objective. Study the feasibility of using artificial intelligence as a sensitive and specific method for COVID-19 screening in patients with respiratory conditions, using chest CT scan images and a telemedicine platform. Methods. From March 2020 to June 2021, the authors conducted an observational descriptive multicenter feasibility study based on artificial intelligence (AI) for COVID-19 screening using chest images of patients with respiratory conditions who presented at public hospitals. The AI platform was used to diagnose chest CT scan images; this was then compared with molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR) to determine whether they matched and to analyze the feasibility of AI for screening patients with suspected COVID-19. A telemedicine platform was used to send images and diagnostic results. Results. Screening of 3 514 patients with a suspected COVID-19 diagnosis was performed in 14 hospitals around the country. Most patients were aged 27 to 59 years, followed by those over 60. The average age was 48.6 years; 52.8% were male. The most frequent findings were severe pneumonia, bilateral pneumonia with pleural effusion, bilateral pulmonary emphysema, and diffuse ground glass opacity, among others. There was an average of 93% matching and 7% mismatching between images analyzed by AI and RT-PCR. Sensitivity and specificity of the AI system, obtained by comparing AI and RT-PCR screening results, were 93% and 80% respectively. Conclusions. The use of sensitive and specific AI for stratified rapid detection of COVID-19 in patients with respiratory conditions by using chest CT scan images and a telemedicine platform in public hospitals in Paraguay is feasible.

RESUMO Objetivo. Examinar a viabilidade do uso de inteligência artificial como um método sensível e específico de triagem de COVID-19 em pacientes com afecções respiratórias, empregando imagens obtidas por exame de tomografia do tórax e uma plataforma de telemedicina. Métodos. Entre março de 2020 e junho de 2021, foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo multicêntrico sobre a viabilidade do uso de inteligência artificial (IA) para a triagem de COVID-19, empregando imagens do tórax de pacientes com afecções respiratórias atendidos em hospitais da rede pública. O diagnóstico das imagens obtidas em tomografia do tórax foi realizado por meio de uma plataforma de IA e, em seguida, cotejado com o diagnóstico molecular (RT-PCR) para determinar a concordância entre os métodos utilizados e analisar a viabilidade deste processo para a triagem de pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19. As imagens e os resultados do exame diagnóstico foram disponibilizados em uma plataforma de telemedicina. Resultados. Foi realizada a triagem de 3 514 pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19 atendidos em 14 hospitais de todo o país. Os pacientes, na sua maioria, tinham entre 27 e 59 anos de idade ou pertenciam à faixa etária acima de 60 anos, com média de idade de 48,6 anos, sendo que 52,8% eram do sexo masculino. Os achados mais comuns foram pneumonia grave, pneumonia bilateral com derrame pleural, enfisema pulmonar bilateral e opacidade difusa em vidro fosco, entre outros. Verificou-se, em média, 93% de concordância e 7% de discordância entre as imagens analisadas com uso de IA e os resultados do exame de RT-PCR, com uma sensibilidade de 93% e especificidade de 80% desse sistema de triagem. Conclusões. Demonstrou-se que o uso de um sistema de IA sensível e específico é viável nos hospitais públicos do Paraguai para a detecção rápida estratificada de COVID-19 em pacientes com afecções respiratórias, empregando imagens de exame de tomografia do tórax e uma plataforma de telemedicina.

Rapid screening for COVID-19 by applying artificial intelligence to chest computed tomography images: A feasibility study.

Aim: The aim of the study was to present the results and impact of the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 by telemedicine in public health in Paraguay. Methods: This is a descriptive, multi-centered, observational design feasibility study based on an AI tool for the rapid detection of COVID-19 in chest computed tomography (CT) images of patients with respiratory difficulties attending the country's public hospitals. The patients' digital CT images were transmitted to the AI diagnostic platform, and after a few minutes, radiologists and pneumologists specialized in COVID-19 downloaded the images for evaluation, confirmation of diagnosis, and comparison with the genetic diagnosis (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)). It was also determined the percentage of agreement between two similar AI systems applied in parallel to study the viability of using it as an alternative method of screening patients with COVID-19 through telemedicine. Results: Between March and August 2020, 911 rapid diagnostic tests were carried out on patients with respiratory disorders to rule out COVID-19 in 14 hospitals nationwide. The average age of patients was 50.7 years, 62.6% were male and 37.4% female. Most of the diagnosed respiratory conditions corresponded to the age group of 27-59 years (252 studies), the second most frequent corresponded to the group over 60 years, and the third to the group of 19-26 years. The most frequent findings of the radiologists/pneumologists were severe pneumonia, bilateral pneumonia with pleural effusion, bilateral pulmonary emphysema, diffuse ground glass opacity, hemidiaphragmatic paresis, calcified granuloma in the lower right lobe, bilateral pleural effusion, sequelae of tuberculosis, bilateral emphysema, and fibrotic changes, among others. Overall, an average of 86% agreement and 14% diagnostic discordance was determined between the two AI systems. The sensitivity of the AI system was 93% and the specificity 80% compared with RT-PCR. Conclusion: Paraguay has an AI-based telemedicine screening system for the rapid stratified detection of COVID-19 from chest CT images of patients with respiratory conditions. This application strengthens the integrated network of health services, rationalizing the use of specialized human resources, equipment, and inputs for laboratory diagnosis.

May measurement month 2017: Latin America.

OBJECTIVES: To raise awareness of blood pressure, measured by number of countries involved, number of people screened, and number of people who have untreated or inadequately treated hypertension. METHODS: An opportunistic cross-sectional survey of volunteers aged at least 18 years was carried out in May 2017. Blood pressure measurement, the definition of hypertension and statistical analysis followed the standard May measurement month protocol. Eighteen countries in Latin America and the Caribbean participated in the campaign, providing us with a wide sample for characterization. RESULTS: During May measurement month 2017 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 105 246 individuals were screened. Participants who had cardiovascular disease, 2245 (2.3%) had a prior myocardial infarction, and 1711 (1.6%) a previous stroke, additionally 6760 (6.4%) individuals were diabetic, 7014 (6.7%) current smokers and 9262 (8.8%) reported alcohol intake once or more per week. Mean SBP was 122.7 mmHg and DBP was 75.6 mmHg. After imputation, 42 328 participants (40,4%) were found to be hypertensive. CONCLUSION: The high numbers of participants detected with hypertension and the relatively large proportion of participants on antihypertensive treatment but with uncontrolled hypertension reinforces the importance of this annual event in our continent, to raise awareness of the prevention of cardiovascular events.

Aplicación de tecnologías disruptivas en telemedicina para la cobertura universal de servicios de salud / Application of disruptive technologies in telemedicine for universal coverage of health services

La aplicación de tecnologías disruptivas en telemedicina facilita la accesibilidad a tecnologías diagnósticas de poblaciones remotas sin acceso a especialistas y mejora la cobertura universal de servicios de salud. Este estudio realizado por la Unidad de Telemedicina del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (MSPBS) en colaboración con el Dpto. de Ingeniería Biomédica e Imágenes del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias (IICS-UNA) sirvió para evaluar la utilidad de aplicaciones de tecnologías disruptivas en telemedicina para la cobertura universal de servicios de salud. Para el efecto se analizaron los resultados obtenidos por la red de telediagnóstico implementado en 67 hospitales del MSPBS. En dicho sentido se analizaron 540.397 diagnósticos remotos realizados entre enero del 2014 y septiembre de 2019. Del total, el 33,174 % (179.274) correspondieron a estudios de tomografía, 64,825 % (350.313) a electrocardiografía (ECG), 1,997 % (10.791) a electroencefalografía (EEG) y 0,004 % (19) a ecografía. La concordancia entre el diagnostico remoto y el diagnóstico "cara a cara" fue del 95 %. Con el diagnostico remoto se logró una reducción del coste que supone un beneficio importante para cada ciudadano del interior del país. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que la aplicación de tecnologías disruptivas en telemedicina puede contribuir para la cobertura universal de servicios con tecnologías diagnósticas, maximizando el tiempo y productividad del profesional, aumentando el acceso y la equidad, y disminuyendo los costos. Sin embargo antes de su implementación generalizada se deberá contextualizar con el perfil epidemiológico regional. Palabras claves: tecnología disruptiva, aplicación, tecnología diagnóstica, telemedicina, cobertura universal, servicios de salud, innovación tecnológica.

Introduction: The application of disruptive technologies in telemedicine facilitates accessibility to diagnostic technologies of remote populations without access to specialists and improves universal coverage of health services. This study was carried out by the Telemedicine Unit of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare (MSPBS) in collaboration with the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging of the Institute of Research in Sciences (IICS-UNA). Objective: to evaluate the usefulness of disruptive technology applications in telemedicine for universal coverage of health services January 2014 to September 2019. Material and Method: observational and descriptive design study included 540,397 patients. For this purpose, the results obtained by the telediagnostic network implemented in 67 MSPBS hospitals were analyzed. In this regard, 540,397 remote diagnoses carried out between January 2014 and September 2019 were analysed. Results: of the total, 33.174% (179,274) were CT studies, 64.825% (350,313) electrocardiography (ECG), 1.997% (10,791) electroencephalography (EEG) and 0.004% (19) ultrasound. The concordance between remote diagnosis and "face-to-face" diagnosis was 95%. Conclusion: remote diagnosis achieved a cost reduction that is an important benefit for every citizen of the interior of the country. The results show that the application of disruptive technologies in telemedicine can contribute to the universal coverage of services with diagnostic technologies, maximizing the time and productivity of the professional, increasing access and equity, and lowering costs. However, prior to widespread implementation, the regional epidemiological profile should be contextualized. Keywords: Disruptive technology, application, diagnostic technology, telemedicine, universal coverage, health services, technological innovation.

Perspectiva clínica sobre el tratamiento antihipertensivo en adultos con hipertensión grado 1 y riesgo cardiovascular bajo a moderado: consulta internacional de expertos

[RESUMEN]. La hipertensión arterial es el principal factor de riesgo de la carga global de las enfermedades. Una pregunta en debate es si la hipertensión arterial grado 1 (140–159/90–99 mm Hg) con riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) total bajo (mortalidad cardiovascular < 1% a los 10 años) a moderado (mortalidad cardiovascular > 1% y < 5% a los 10 años) debe ser tratada con agentes antihipertensivos. Un proceso de consulta virtual internacional fue realizado para resumir las opiniones de los expertos seleccionados. Después del análisis holístico de todos los elementos epidemiológicos, clínicos, psicosociales y de salud pública, este proceso de consulta llegó al siguiente consenso para adultos hipertensos < 80 años de edad: 1) La interrogante, de si el tratamiento medicamentoso en la hipertensión grado 1 debe ser precedido por un periodo de algunas semanas o meses, durante el cual solo se recomienden medidas sobre el estilo de vida no está basada en evidencia, pero el consenso de opinión es reservar un periodo para solo cambios en el estilo de vida únicamente en los pacientes con hipertensión grado 1 “aislada” (hipertensión grado 1 no complicada con RCV total absoluto bajo, y sin otros factores de RCV mayores ni modificadores del riesgo). 2) El inicio del tratamiento antihipertensivo medicamentoso en pacientes con hipertensión grado 1 y RCV absoluto moderado no debe demorarse. 3) Los hombres ≥ 55 años y las mujeres ≥ 60 años con hipertensión grado 1 no complicada deben ser automáticamente clasificados dentro de la categoría de RCV total absoluto moderado, incluso en ausencia de otros factores de riesgo mayores y modificadores del riesgo. 4) Las estatinas deben tenerse en cuenta junto con la terapia antihipertensiva, independientemente de los valores de colesterol, en pacientes con hipertensión grado 1 y RCV moderado.

[ABSTRACT]. Hypertension is a leading risk factor for disease burden globally. An unresolved question is whether grade 1 hypertension (140-159/90-99 mmHg) with low (cardiovascular mortality < 1% at 10 years) to moderate (cardiovascular mortality > 1% and < 5% at 10 years) absolute total cardiovascular risk (CVR) should be treated with antihypertensive agents. A virtual international consultation process was undertaken to summarize the opinions of select experts. After holistic analysis of all epidemiological, clinical, psychosocial, and public health elements, this consultation process reached the following consensus in hypertensive adults aged < 80 years: (1) The question of whether drug treatment in grade 1 should be preceded by a period of some weeks or months during which only life style measures are recommended cannot be evidence based, but the consensus opinion is to have a period of lifestyle alone reserved only to patients with grade 1 “isolated” hypertension (grade 1 uncomplicated hypertension with low absolute total CVR, and without other major CVR factors and risk modifiers). (2)The initiation of antihypertensive drug therapy in grade 1 hypertension with moderate absolute total CVR should not be delayed. (3) Men ≥ 55 years and women ≥ 60 years with uncomplicated grade1 hypertension should automatically be classified within the moderate absolute total CVR category, even in the absence of other major CVR factors and risk modifiers. (4) Statins should be considered along with blood-pressure lowering therapy, irrespective of cholesterol levels, in patients with grade 1 hypertensive with moderate CVR.

[Public health impact of a remote diagnosis system implemented in regional and district hospitals in Paraguay]. / Impacto en la salud pública del sistema de telediagnóstico implementado en Paraguay.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the viability of a remote diagnosis system implemented to provide health care to remote and scattered populations in Paraguay. METHODS: The study was conducted in all regional and general hospitals in Paraguay, and in the main district hospitals in the country's 18 health regions. Clinical data, tomographic images, sonography, and electrocardiograms (ECGs) of patients who needed a diagnosis by a specialized physician were entered into the system. This information was sent to specialists in diagnostic imaging and in cardiology for remote diagnosis and the report was then forwarded to the hospitals connected to the system. The cost-benefit and impact of the remote diagnosis tool was analyzed from the perspective of the National Health System. RESULTS: Between January 2014 and May 2015, a total of 34 096 remote diagnoses were made in 25 hospitals in the Ministry of Health's telemedicine system. The average unit cost of remote diagnosis was US$2.6 per ECG, tomography, and sonography, while the unit cost of "face-to-face" diagnosis was US$11.8 per ECG, US$68.6 per tomography, and US$21.5 per sonography. As a result of remote diagnosis, unit costs were 4.5 times lower for ECGs; 26.4 times lower for tomography, and 8.3 times lower for sonography. In monetary terms, implementation of the remote diagnosis system during the 16 months of the study led to average savings of US$2 420 037. CONCLUSION: Paraguay has a remote diagnosis system for electrocardiography, tomography, and sonography, using low-cost information and communications technologies (ICTs) based on free software that is scalable to other types of remote diagnostic studies of interest for public health. Implementation of remote diagnosis helped to strengthen the integrated network of health services and programs, enabling professionals to optimize their time and productivity, while improving quality, increasing access and equity, and reducing costs.

Clinical Perspective on Antihypertensive Drug Treatment in Adults With Grade 1 Hypertension and Low-to-Moderate Cardiovascular Risk: An International Expert Consultation.

Hypertension is a leading risk factor for disease burden globally. An unresolved question is whether grade 1 hypertension (140-159/90-99mmHg) with low (cardiovascular mortality <1% at 10 years) to moderate (cardiovascular mortality ≥1% and <5% at 10 years) absolute total cardiovascular risk (CVR) should be treated with antihypertensive agents. A virtual international consultation process was undertaken to summarize the opinions of select experts. After holistic analysis of all epidemiological, clinical, psychosocial, and public health elements, this consultation process reached the following consensus in hypertensive adults aged <80 years: (1) The question of whether drug treatment in grade 1 should be preceded by a period of some weeks or months during which only lifestyle measures are recommended cannot be evidence based, but the consensus opinion is to have a period of lifestyle alone reserved only to patients with grade 1 "isolated" hypertension (grade 1 uncomplicated hypertension with low absolute total CVR, and without other major CVR factors and risk modifiers). (2) The initiation of antihypertensive drug therapy in grade 1 hypertension with moderate absolute total CVR should not be delayed. (3) Men ≥55 years and women ≥60 years with uncomplicated grade 1 hypertension should automatically be classified within the moderate absolute total CVR category, even in the absence of other major CVR factors and risk modifiers. (4) Statins should be considered along with blood-pressure lowering therapy, irrespective of cholesterol levels, in patients with grade 1 hypertensive with moderate CVR.

Impacto en la salud pública del sistema de telediagnóstico implementado en Paraguay / Public health impact of a remote diagnosis system implemented in regional and district hospitals in Paraguay / Impacto sobre a saúde pública do sistema de teledi¬agnóstico implementado em hospitais regionais e dis¬tritais do Paraguai

Objetivo. Determinar la viabilidad y puesta en marcha de un sistema de telediagnóstico para dar asistencia sanitaria a poblaciones remotas y dispersas del Paraguay. Métodos. El estudio fue realizado en todos los hospitales regionales, generales y principales hospitales distritales de las 18 regiones sanitarias del Paraguay. En el sistema se registraron los datos clínicos y las imágenes tomográficas, ecográficas y trazados electrocardiográficos del paciente que precisaba de un diagnóstico por parte de un médico especialista. Esta información se transmitió a los especialistas en imagenología y en cardiología para su diagnóstico remoto y posterior envío del informe a los hospitales conectados al sistema. Se analizó el costo-beneficio e impacto de la herramienta de telediagnóstico desde la perspectiva del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Resultados. Entre enero de 2014 y mayo de 2015 se realizaron 34 096 telediagnósticos distribuidos en 25 hospitales a través del Sistema de Telemedicina del Ministerio de Salud. El costo unitario promedio del diagnóstico remoto fue de USD 2,6 (dólares estadounidenses) para electrocardiograma (ECG), tomografía y ecografía, mientras que el costo unitario para el diagnóstico “cara a cara” fue de UDS 11,8 para ECG; USD 68,6 para tomografía y USD 21,5 para ecografía. La reducción del costo mediante el diagnóstico remoto fue de 4,5 veces para ECG; 26,4 veces para tomografía y de 8,3 veces para ecografía. En términos monetarios, la implementación del sistema de telediagnóstico, durante los 16 meses del estudio, significó un ahorro promedio de USD 2 420 037. Conclusión. Paraguay cuenta con un sistema de telediagnóstico para electrocardiografía, tomografía y ecografía aplicando las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) de bajo costo, basadas en software libre y escalable a otros tipos de estudios diagnósticos a distancia; de interés para la salud pública. Con una aplicación práctica del telediagnóstico, se contribuyó al fortalecimiento de la red integrada de servicios y programas de salud, lo que permitió maximizar el tiempo del profesional y su productividad, mejorar la calidad, aumentar el acceso y la equidad, y disminuir los costos.

Objective. Determine the viability of a remote diagnosis system implemented to provide health care to remote and scattered populations in Paraguay. Methods. The study was conducted in all regional and general hospitals in Paraguay, and in the main district hospitals in the country’s 18 health regions. Clinical data, tomographic images, sonography, and electrocardiograms (ECGs) of patients who needed a diagnosis by a specialized physician were entered into the system. This information was sent to specialists in diagnostic imaging and in cardiology for remote diagnosis and the report was then forwarded to the hospitals connected to the system. The cost-benefit and impact of the remote diagnosis tool was analyzed from the perspective of the National Health System. Results. Between January 2014 and May 2015, a total of 34 096 remote diagnoses were made in 25 hospitals in the Ministry of Health’s telemedicine system. The average unit cost of remote diagnosis was US$2.6 per ECG, tomography, and sonography, while the unit cost of “face-to-face” diagnosis was US$11.8 per ECG, US$68.6 per tomography, and US$21.5 per sonography. As a result of remote diagnosis, unit costs were 4.5 times lower for ECGs; 26.4 times lower for tomography, and 8.3 times lower for sonography. In monetary terms, implementation of the remote diagnosis system during the 16 months of the study led to average savings of US$2 420 037. Conclusion. Paraguay has a remote diagnosis system for electrocardiography, tomography, and sonography, using low-cost information and communications technologies (ICTs) based on free software that is scalable to other types of remote diagnostic studies of interest for public health. Implementation of remote diagnosis helped to strengthen the integrated network of health services and programs, enabling professionals to optimize their time and productivity, while improving quality, increasing access and equity, and reducing costs.

Objetivo. Avaliar a viabilidade e a implementação de um sistema de telediagnóstico destinado a oferecer assistência de saúde a populações remotas e dispersas do Paraguai. Métodos. O estudo foi realizado em todos os hospitais regionais e gerais e nos principais hospitais distritais das 18 regiões sanitárias do Paraguai. Foram registrados no sistema os dados clínicos, as imagens tomográficas e ecográficas e os traçados eletrocardiográficos de pacientes que precisavam de um diagnóstico por parte de um médico especialista. Estas informações foram transmitidas a especialistas em diagnóstico por imagem e cardiologia para que fizessem o diagnóstico remoto e enviassem então os laudos aos hospitais conectados ao sistema. Analisou-se a relação custo- benefício e o impacto da ferramenta de telediagnóstico da perspectiva do Sistema Nacional de Saúde. Resultados. Entre janeiro de 2014 e maio de 2015, foram realizados 34.096 telediagnósticos em 25 hospitais através do Sistema de Telemedicina do Ministério da Saúde. O custo unitário médio do diagnóstico remoto foi de US$ 2,6 (dólares americanos) para eletrocardiografia (ECG), tomografia e ecografia, enquanto que o custo unitário para o diagnóstico presencial foi de US$ 11,8 para ECG, US$ 68,6 para tomografia e US$ 21,5 para ecografia. A redução do custo pelo uso do diagnóstico remoto foi de 4,5 vezes para ECG, 26,4 vezes para tomografia e 8,3 vezes para ecografia. Em termos monetários, a implementação do sistema de telediagnóstico, ao longo dos 16 meses do estudo, representou uma economia média de US$ 2.420.037. Conclusão. O Paraguai conta com um sistema de telediagnóstico para eletrocardiografia, tomografia e ecografia que utiliza tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC) de baixo custo, baseadas em software livre e ampliáveis a outros tipos de exames diagnósticos à distância que são de interesse para a saúde pública. A aplicação prática do telediagnóstico contribuiu para o fortalecimento da rede integrada de serviços e programas de saúde, o que permitiu maximizar o tempo dos profissionais e sua produtividade, melhorar a qualidade, aumentar o acesso e a equidade e reduzir os custos.

Impacto en la salud pública del sistema de telediagnóstico implementado en Paraguay / Public health impact of a remote diagnosis system implemented in regional and district hospitals in Paraguay / Impacto sobre a saúde pública do sistema de telediagnóstico implementado em hospitais regionais e distritais do Paraguai

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la viabilidad y puesta en marcha de un sistema de telediagnóstico para dar asistencia sanitaria a poblaciones remotas y dispersas del Paraguay. Métodos El estudio fue realizado en todos los hospitales regionales, generales y principales hospitales distritales de las 18 regiones sanitarias del Paraguay. En el sistema se registraron los datos clínicos y las imágenes tomográficas, ecográficas y trazados electrocardiográficos del paciente que precisaba de un diagnóstico por parte de un médico especialista. Esta información se transmitió a los especialistas en imagenología y en cardiología para su diagnóstico remoto y posterior envío del informe a los hospitales conectados al sistema. Se analizó el costo-beneficio e impacto de la herramienta de telediagnóstico desde la perspectiva del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Resultados Entre enero de 2014 y mayo de 2015 se realizaron 34 096 telediagnósticos distribuidos en 25 hospitales a través del Sistema de Telemedicina del Ministerio de Salud. El costo unitario promedio del diagnóstico remoto fue de USD 2,6 (dólares estadounidenses) para electrocardiograma (ECG), tomografía y ecografía, mientras que el costo unitario para el diagnóstico “cara a cara” fue de UDS 11,8 para ECG; USD 68,6 para tomografía y USD 21,5 para ecografía. La reducción del costo mediante el diagnóstico remoto fue de 4,5 veces para ECG; 26,4 veces para tomografía y de 8,3 veces para ecografía. En términos monetarios, la implementación del sistema de telediagnóstico, durante los 16 meses del estudio, significó un ahorro promedio de USD 2 420 037. Conclusión Paraguay cuenta con un sistema de telediagnóstico para electrocardiografía, tomografía y ecografía aplicando las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) de bajo costo, basadas en software libre y escalable a otros tipos de estudios diagnósticos a distancia; de interés para la salud pública. Con una aplicación práctica del telediagnóstico, se contribuyó al fortalecimiento de la red integrada de servicios y programas de salud, lo que permitió maximizar el tiempo del profesional y su productividad, mejorar la calidad, aumentar el acceso y la equidad, y disminuir los costos.

ABSTRACT Objective Determine the viability of a remote diagnosis system implemented to provide health care to remote and scattered populations in Paraguay. Methods The study was conducted in all regional and general hospitals in Paraguay, and in the main district hospitals in the country’s 18 health regions. Clinical data, tomographic images, sonography, and electrocardiograms (ECGs) of patients who needed a diagnosis by a specialized physician were entered into the system. This information was sent to specialists in diagnostic imaging and in cardiology for remote diagnosis and the report was then forwarded to the hospitals connected to the system. The cost-benefit and impact of the remote diagnosis tool was analyzed from the perspective of the National Health System. Results Between January 2014 and May 2015, a total of 34 096 remote diagnoses were made in 25 hospitals in the Ministry of Health’s telemedicine system. The average unit cost of remote diagnosis was US$2.6 per ECG, tomography, and sonography, while the unit cost of “face-to-face” diagnosis was US$11.8 per ECG, US$68.6 per tomography, and US$21.5 per sonography. As a result of remote diagnosis, unit costs were 4.5 times lower for ECGs; 26.4 times lower for tomography, and 8.3 times lower for sonography. In monetary terms, implementation of the remote diagnosis system during the 16 months of the study led to average savings of US$2 420 037. Conclusion Paraguay has a remote diagnosis system for electrocardiography, tomography, and sonography, using low-cost information and communications technologies (ICTs) based on free software that is scalable to other types of remote diagnostic studies of interest for public health. Implementation of remote diagnosis helped to strengthen the integrated network of health services and programs, enabling professionals to optimize their time and productivity, while improving quality, increasing access and equity, and reducing costs.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a viabilidade e a implementação de um sistema de telediagnóstico destinado a oferecer assistência de saúde a populações remotas e dispersas do Paraguai. Métodos O estudo foi realizado em todos os hospitais regionais e gerais e nos principais hospitais distritais das 18 regiões sanitárias do Paraguai. Foram registrados no sistema os dados clínicos, as imagens tomográficas e ecográficas e os traçados eletrocardiográficos de pacientes que precisavam de um diagnóstico por parte de um médico especialista. Estas informações foram transmitidas a especialistas em diagnóstico por imagem e cardiologia para que fizessem o diagnóstico remoto e enviassem então os laudos aos hospitais conectados ao sistema. Analisou-se a relação custo-benefício e o impacto da ferramenta de telediagnóstico da perspectiva do Sistema Nacional de Saúde. Resultados Entre janeiro de 2014 e maio de 2015, foram realizados 34.096 telediagnósticos em 25 hospitais através do Sistema de Telemedicina do Ministério da Saúde. O custo unitário médio do diagnóstico remoto foi de US$ 2,6 (dólares americanos) para eletrocardiografia (ECG), tomografia e ecografia, enquanto que o custo unitário para o diagnóstico presencial foi de US$ 11,8 para ECG, US$ 68,6 para tomografia e US$ 21,5 para ecografia. A redução do custo pelo uso do diagnóstico remoto foi de 4,5 vezes para ECG, 26,4 vezes para tomografia e 8,3 vezes para ecografia. Em termos monetários, a implementação do sistema de telediagnóstico, ao longo dos 16 meses do estudo, representou uma economia média de US$ 2.420.037. Conclusão O Paraguai conta com um sistema de telediagnóstico para eletrocardiografia, tomografia e ecografia que utiliza tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC) de baixo custo, baseadas em software livre e ampliáveis a outros tipos de exames diagnósticos à distância que são de interesse para a saúde pública. A aplicação prática do telediagnóstico contribuiu para o fortalecimento da rede integrada de serviços e programas de saúde, o que permitiu maximizar o tempo dos profissionais e sua produtividade, melhorar a qualidade, aumentar o acesso e a equidade e reduzir os custos.